Hypersomnia, a sleep disorder, affects one with constant drowsiness, impacting daily life and overall well-being. While it may not be as widely recognized as its counterpart, insomnia, hypersomnia deserves equal attention. It impacts approximately 5% of people and is found to be more common in females than males. By understanding this sleep disorder, let’s learn how to manage this often-overlooked condition and support those who grapple with excessive daytime sleepiness. Causes of hypersomnia Hypersomnia can be caused due to an underlying condition, genetic factor, or because of an unclear cause. Other factors include: Sleep apnea Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a condition in which the patient experiences the airway being partially or completely blocked when sleeping. This can give rise to interrupted sleep patterns, frequent bouts of being awake, and continued feelings of sleepiness during the day. Patients living with untreated OSA tend to struggle with staying awake in the daytime, irrespective of the hours spent in bed the previous night. Effective treatment of OSA can significantly alleviate hypersomnia symptoms, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis. Narcolepsy Another cause of hypersomnia is narcolepsy. It is a neurological disorder characterized by the sudden onset of uncontrollable episodes of sleep anytime during the day. It is one of the tell-tale signs of hypersomnia. Also known as “sleep attacks,” these episodes can occur at any time of the day. These are considered a little dangerous as they can occur even in the midst of some activities like conversing , eating, and working. It is a common cause of disruption in the patient’s sleep-wake cycle, making it difficult to maintain focus and alertness during the day. Treatment and lifestyle adjustments can help manage narcolepsy symptoms, providing hope for those affected. Idiopathic hypersomnia This is considered a cause of excessive daytime sleepiness when all other causes and factors have been ruled out for the individual.

With a little help from dentists, everyone can achieve the bright smile they desire. Instead of braces, many people are now moving to aligners. These clear orthodontic devices are practically invisible. The process makes use of a series of tight-fitting custom-made pieces that slip over the teeth to correct teeth placement. However, these may only be suitable for some. Read on to learn more about invisible dental aligners and how they work. Who can get invisible aligners? Invisible aligners are custom-built and offer a tight grip, making them ideal for teenagers and adults. They are generally not advisable for growing children. These aligners are typically used for people with mild to moderately crowded teeth or minor spacing issues. Those with severe crowding or spacing problems may need to opt for other complex treatment options. It is best to consult a dentist before opting for aligners. How do invisible aligners work? Depending on one’s current teeth alignment, the doctor creates a plan to correct the bite. Based on this plan, several versions of the clear aligners are made. Several digital scans are conducted for every patient to ensure a snug fit on the teeth over the course of the treatment. The aligners are changed every few weeks to continually move the teeth and bring them to their desired position. How long does the treatment take? Bite correction using invisible aligners can take anywhere between 10 and 24 months. The duration of this period is determined by the extent to which the teeth need to be moved or rotated. What are the pros and cons of invisible dental aligners? There are several benefits and drawbacks to using invisible dental aligners, such as: Advantages Comfort Compared to traditional braces, aligners are more comfortable to wear. They reduce the risk of nicks and cuts in the mouth and do not have any sharp edges that may irritate.

If you’re considering orthodontic treatment to correct misaligned teeth or other dental issues, you’ll likely encounter two primary options: traditional metal braces and clear aligners. While metal braces have been a reliable option for decades, clear aligners have surged in popularity due to their numerous advantages and are often the preferred choice for orthodontic patients of all ages. Below is a comparison of the two and six reasons aligners may be the better choice. Aesthetics One of the primary factors to consider is appearance; people lean towards clear aligners because of their nearly invisible nature. Unlike conspicuous metal braces, clear aligners are discreet and barely noticeable. This is particularly appealing to adults and teenagers who may feel self-conscious about their appearance. Clear aligners provide the confidence to smile and speak without drawing attention to orthodontic treatment. Enhanced comfort and reduced irritation Traditional metal braces are noted for their sharp wires and brackets that can cause discomfort, irritation, and even ulcers in the mouth. In contrast, clear aligners are made from smooth, professional, health-grade plastic, eliminating the need for uncomfortable wires and brackets. This results in a more comfortable orthodontic experience, with reduced friction against the delicate oral tissues. Clear aligners are also removable, allowing wearers to take them out for special occasions or while eating, providing additional comfort and flexibility. Improved oral hygiene Maintaining proper oral hygiene is a critical aspect of any orthodontic treatment. Traditional braces have wires and brackets, which pose a challenge when cleaning the teeth and gums. Clear aligners, on the other hand, are removable, making it easy to brush and floss your teeth effectively. Without the hindrance of brackets and wires, you can maintain better oral hygiene and reduce the risk of cavities and gum issues. No food restrictions Anyone who has worn metal braces knows the extensive list of foods to avoid – no popcorn, no sticky candies, and no chewing gum.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is classified as a motor neuron disease as it involves the loss of nerve cells called motor neurons. It is a genetically acquired condition that affects the central nervous system, voluntary muscle movements, and peripheral nervous system. Therefore, SMA results in muscles getting smaller because they are not stimulated by nerve cells. The rare complication affects 1 in 6,000 to 10,000 children in the country. Causes A healthy SMN1 gene produces the SMN protein, which is required by motor neurons to survive and function appropriately. Healthcare experts indicate that the most viable cause of spinal muscular atrophy is a deficiency of the SMN protein. Children with SMA usually lack part of the SMN1 gene or have changed (mutated) genes. Therefore, people with spinal muscular atrophy do not create sufficient SMN protein, which could cause the motor neurons to shrink and cease to exist. As a result, the individual’s brain might be unable to control voluntary movements, especially motions associated with the neck, arms, legs, and head. Types There are four common types of SMA that one may develop. SMA Type 1 This type of SMA is severe and may occur in infants within the first six months of their life. Some kids with SMA type 1 may also have a severely low mortality rate, but aggressive therapy might help improve their outlook and care for them. SMA type 2 If a child develops spinal muscular atrophy between six and 18 months, the condition is classified as type 2. These affected children might be able to sit up but face trouble with respiration. This might also put their lives at risk as the disease progresses. SMA type 3 Children 18 months of age or older may show signs of SMA type 3. This condition might become prominent as they reach their teenage years.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), also known as brittle bone disease, is a genetic bone disorder present at birth. About 25,000 to 50,000 people in the country have this condition. Children born with OI may have bones that are soft and fracture easily, those that are not properly formed, and other related problems. There are about eight types of the disease, based on the type of inheritance and signs and symptoms. Symptoms The symptoms of osteogenesis imperfect usually differ within and between types. These symptoms may also look like those that occur in other health conditions. Therefore, one should always consult an expert who may diagnose and identify the most likely cause. A few symptoms of OI include: Bones that break easily Deformities in the bones, such as bowing of the legs A barrel-shaped chest Discoloration of the sclera (white layer of the eye), which may turn blue or gray in color A curved spine Loose joints in the body Weakness in several muscles Skin that may bruise easily The loss of hearing in early adulthood Soft, discolored teeth Causes Experts believe that osteogenesis imperfecta is passed through the genes, and each type is passed on in its way. Some genes might be inherited from one parent, while others may come from both parents. It may also be inherited from an unexplained change, such as the spontaneous mutation of a gene. Most infants with the disease have a defect of one of two genes responsible for forming collagen, a primary part of connective tissue responsible for connecting and supporting the whole body, including bones. Therefore, a mutation might disrupt the production of this property, which can lead to weakened bones. Treatment options The primary goal of treatment for osteogenesis imperfecta is to prevent fractures and deformities with the help of rodding, dental procedures, physical therapy and assistive devices, bracing, and splinting.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) and tardive dyskinesia (TD) are neurological disorders impacting individuals’ motor functions. Despite their unique origins and symptom profiles, these conditions exhibit unexpected parallels in their health implications. Their similarities may result in multiple challenges when it comes to diagnosing each individual condition. It may also affect the way Parkison’s or TD is treated. Therefore, it is essential for one to learn about these seven common indicators in both these conditions. Difficulties with speech Symptoms like difficulties with speech are a prevalent concern in Parkinson’s disease and tardive dyskinesia. In Parkinson’s disease, bradykinesia and muscle rigidity affect vocal muscles, leading to soft, monotonous speech, often interspersed with freezing of speech. Conversely, tardive dyskinesia induces speech challenges through involuntary movements in the tongue, lips, and face, causing slurred speech and articulation difficulties. These speech-related issues significantly impact communication for individuals with both conditions, highlighting the importance of tailored interventions and support. Akathisia People with Parkinson’s disease may develop akathisia as a secondary symptom, driven by discomfort resulting from bradykinesia and rigidity. Individuals with PD may constantly shift positions or fidget to alleviate this inner restlessness. Conversely, in tardive dyskinesia, akathisia is often induced or exacerbated by antipsychotic prescriptions, causing profound inner restlessness and difficulty remaining still. This restlessness adds an extra layer of complexity to the management of both conditions. Anxiety and depression These neurological symptoms often accompany Parkinson’s disease and tardive dyskinesia. In Parkinson’s, the loss of dopamine-producing neurons contributes to emotional imbalances, leading to heightened anxiety and depressive symptoms. The constant struggle with motor limitations and the uncertainty of progression compound these emotional challenges. Similarly, tardive dyskinesia, with its socially isolating symptoms, may provoke embarrassment and emotional distress, increasing the risk of anxiety and depression. Grunting This sign is an intriguing manifestation observed in both the conditions.

Depression (also known as major depressive disorder) is a mood disorder that has a significant impact on the feelings, thoughts, and behavior of those affected. It causes persistent feelings of sadness, which can make one lose interest in daily activities. This may lead to emotional and physical problems in day-to-day life, interfering with work, school, and relationships. To help one recognize the disorder and seek help to manage it, here are warning signs of depression: 1. Loss of interest in daily activities Activities that one used to enjoy previously may not interest one anymore. This could be true of hobbies, pastimes, and social activities. One may also be unable to take care of oneself and face issues eating, bathing, or fulfilling family or work responsibilities. 2. Changes in appetite Some people with depression may experience loss of appetite, while others may feel like eating too often. 3. Sleep-related changes Another common warning sign of depression is changes in the sleeping schedule. Here, one may either experience insomnia (sleeplessness) or oversleeping. 4. Feelings of hopelessness As a result of depression, one may develop a hopeless outlook on certain situations. They may also feel helpless in their ability to change a situation. 5. Feelings of guilt or shame According to research, those with major depressive disorder tend to experience excessive or inappropriate guilt or shame. This can lead to self-critical remarks. 6. Poor memory Depression has also been associated with memory problems such as forgetfulness and confusion. In some cases, it may also lead to difficulty focusing on work, making decisions, or thinking clearly. 7. Anger or irritability Those with the disorder may also experience high levels of anger or irritability. It may result in lower tolerance levels and a shorter temper, making one feel agitated and restless. 8. Lack of energy People with depression may experience a lack of energy and motivation and may feel fatigued.

Type 1 diabetes is a health condition in which a person’s pancreas does not make enough insulin, a hormone necessary for sugar to enter cells to produce energy. Eventually, blood sugar levels rise and cause many health issues. Currently, there is no cure for type 1 diabetes. However, people can use certain preventive measures and treatments to combat the condition and improve their quality of life. Here are some details about type 1 diabetes: Type 1 diabetes preventive measures While there are no specific preventive measures for type 1 diabetes, here are some management strategies and preventive measures for diabetes of any kind, such as type 2 and prediabetes: Eliminating sugar and refined carbohydrates Refined carbohydrates and sugar both increase the blood sugar levels. If a person’s insulin production is inadequate, then the excessive blood sugar can cause issues like diabetic retinopathy and kidney-related conditions. Some examples of refined carbohydrates include white bread, breakfast cereals, and potatoes. One can consume foods containing complex carbohydrates such as oatmeal, whole grains, and green leafy vegetables instead of sugary foods and foods containing refined carbohydrates. Avoiding large food portions Many medical studies have found a correlation between consuming large portions of food and rising blood sugar levels and reduced insulin levels. As a result, it is safe to say that eating large amounts of food can put people at risk of developing type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Therefore, one must eat food in moderation in terms of portion size. Staying hydrated Water is an underrated regulator of blood sugar and insulin levels. People who consume sugary beverages can switch to water to quench their thirst. Drinking at least three to four liters of water every day can dramatically reduce a person’s chances of developing diabetes. Additionally, consuming water keeps people away from sugary drinks, so, essentially, sugar, unneeded ingredients, and preservatives.

Embarking on a mindful eating journey becomes crucial when managing Type 1 diabetes. Individuals with this condition should be vigilant about their food choices to maintain stable blood sugar levels. In managing Type 1 diabetes, a thoughtful approach to food choices is pivotal in maintaining overall health. By navigating away from foods that cause significant fluctuations in blood sugar levels, individuals can foster balanced, diabetes-friendly meals that support their journey toward optimal well-being. Refined carbohydrates For those managing Type 1 diabetes, it’s wise to steer clear of refined carbohydrates such as white bread, sugary cereals, and pastries. These foods can cause rapid spikes in blood sugar levels. Opting for whole grains like brown rice, quinoa, and whole wheat bread provides a more stable energy source. Processed snacks Packaged snacks laden with preservatives and trans fats can be troublesome for those with Type 1 diabetes. Opting for whole, nutrient-dense snacks like fresh fruit, vegetables with hummus, or a handful of nuts is advisable to promote better blood sugar control. High-fat dairy Opting for low-fat or fat-free dairy products is advisable for those with Type 1 diabetes. High-fat dairy items like whole milk and full-fat yogurt can increase cholesterol levels. Choosing leaner alternatives supports overall heart health. Processed meats Processed meats such as sausages, bacon, and deli meats often contain added sugars and unhealthy fats. Choosing lean protein sources like grilled chicken, fish, or legumes promotes better blood sugar control and overall health. Salty foods Foods high in sodium, such as processed soups, canned meals, and salty snacks, can elevate blood pressure. Opting for fresh, whole foods and using herbs and spices for flavoring supports both diabetes management and overall cardiovascular health. Melons While melons are a refreshing choice, they can have a higher sugar content. Moderation and pairing with protein or healthy fats can mitigate their impact on blood sugar levels.